Prenatal exposure to lead in Spain: Cord blood levels and associated factors


Por: Llop, S, Aguinagalde, X, Vioque J, Ibarluzea, J, Guxens, M, Casas, M, Murcia, M, Ruiz, M, Amurrio, A, Rebagliato, M, Santa Marina, L, Fernandez-Somoano, A, Tardon, A, Ballester, F and INMA Project

Publicada: 1 may 2011
Resumen:
Introduction and Objective: Lead is a known neurotoxic. Fetuses and infants are very vulnerable to lead exposure, since their blood-brain barrier is not completely formed. Hence, there is an importance for monitoring of blood lead levels prenatally and during early infancy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prenatal exposure to lead and its association with maternal factors in four population based mother-child cohorts in Spain. The present research was carried out within the framework of the INMA project INfancia y Medio Ambiente (Environment and Childhood). Methods: A total of 1462 pregnant women were recruited between 2004 and 2008. Lead was analyzed in a sample of cord blood by thermal decomposition, amalgation, and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Maternal sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary factors were obtained by questionnaires during pregnancy. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed. The dependent variable was a dichotomous lead level variable (detected vs no detected, i.e. >= vs <2 mu g/dL). Results: A low percentage of cord blood samples with lead levels >= 2 mu g/dL were found (5.9%). Geometric mean and maximum were 1.06 mu g/dL and 19 mu g/dL, respectively. Smoking at the beginning of pregnancy, age, social class, weight gain during pregnancy, gravidity, and place of residence were the maternal factors associated with detectable cord blood lead levels. Mother's diet does not appear to be a determining factor of lead exposure. Nevertheless, daily intake of iron and zinc may act as a protective factor against having cord blood lead levels >= 2 mu g/dL Conclusion: In the different regions of Spain taking part in this study, lead levels to which newborns are exposed are low. Mobilization of lead from bones may be the main contributor to the cord blood levels. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Filiaciones:
:
 Ctr Publ Hlth Res CSISP, Valencia 46020, Spain

 Carlos III Hlth Inst ISCIII, Madrid 20220, Spain

 CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain

Aguinagalde, X:
 Direcc Salud Publ, Publ Hlth Lab Alava, Vitoria 01002, Basque Country, Spain

Vioque J:
 CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain

 Univ Miguel Hernandez, Sant Joan dAlacant 03550, Spain

Ibarluzea, J:
 CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain

 Subdirecc Salud Publ Gipuzkoa, Dept Sanidad Gobierno Vasco, San Sebastian 20013, Spain

 Inst Invest Biomed, San Sebastian, Spain

Guxens, M:
 CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain

 Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, Barcelona 8003, Spain

 IMIM Hosp Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res, Barcelona 8003, Spain

Casas, M:
 Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, Barcelona 8003, Spain

 IMIM Hosp Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res, Barcelona 8003, Spain

:
 Ctr Publ Hlth Res CSISP, Valencia 46020, Spain

 CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain

Ruiz, M:
 Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, Barcelona 8003, Spain

 IMIM Hosp Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res, Barcelona 8003, Spain

Amurrio, A:
 Direcc Salud Publ, Publ Hlth Lab Alava, Vitoria 01002, Basque Country, Spain

:
 CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain

 Conselleria Sanitat, DGSP, Valencia 46020, Spain

Santa Marina, L:
 CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain

 Subdirecc Salud Publ Gipuzkoa, Dept Sanidad Gobierno Vasco, San Sebastian 20013, Spain

 Inst Invest Biomed, San Sebastian, Spain

Fernandez-Somoano, A:
 CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain

 Univ Oviedo, Area Med Prevent & Salud Publ, Asturias, Spain

Tardon, A:
 CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain

 Univ Oviedo, Area Med Prevent & Salud Publ, Asturias, Spain

:
 Ctr Publ Hlth Res CSISP, Valencia 46020, Spain

 CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain

 Univ Valencia, Sch Nursing, Valencia 46010, Spain
ISSN: 00489697





SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT
Editorial
ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV, PO BOX 211, 1000 AE AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS, Países Bajos
Tipo de documento: Article
Volumen: 409 Número: 11
Páginas: 2298-2305
WOS Id: 000290066000031
ID de PubMed: 21397928

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