Prenatal exposure to lead in Spain: Cord blood levels and associated factors
Por:
Llop, S, Aguinagalde, X, Vioque J, Ibarluzea, J, Guxens, M, Casas, M, Murcia, M, Ruiz, M, Amurrio, A, Rebagliato, M, Santa Marina, L, Fernandez-Somoano, A, Tardon, A, Ballester, F and INMA Project
Publicada:
1 may 2011
Resumen:
Introduction and Objective: Lead is a known neurotoxic. Fetuses and infants are very vulnerable to lead exposure, since their blood-brain barrier is not completely formed. Hence, there is an importance for monitoring of blood lead levels prenatally and during early infancy. The aim of this study is to evaluate the prenatal exposure to lead and its association with maternal factors in four population based mother-child cohorts in Spain. The present research was carried out within the framework of the INMA project INfancia y Medio Ambiente (Environment and Childhood).
Methods: A total of 1462 pregnant women were recruited between 2004 and 2008. Lead was analyzed in a sample of cord blood by thermal decomposition, amalgation, and Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Maternal sociodemographic, lifestyle and dietary factors were obtained by questionnaires during pregnancy. A multivariate logistic regression model was constructed. The dependent variable was a dichotomous lead level variable (detected vs no detected, i.e. >= vs <2 mu g/dL).
Results: A low percentage of cord blood samples with lead levels >= 2 mu g/dL were found (5.9%). Geometric mean and maximum were 1.06 mu g/dL and 19 mu g/dL, respectively. Smoking at the beginning of pregnancy, age, social class, weight gain during pregnancy, gravidity, and place of residence were the maternal factors associated with detectable cord blood lead levels. Mother's diet does not appear to be a determining factor of lead exposure. Nevertheless, daily intake of iron and zinc may act as a protective factor against having cord blood lead levels >= 2 mu g/dL
Conclusion: In the different regions of Spain taking part in this study, lead levels to which newborns are exposed are low. Mobilization of lead from bones may be the main contributor to the cord blood levels. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Filiaciones:
:
Ctr Publ Hlth Res CSISP, Valencia 46020, Spain
Carlos III Hlth Inst ISCIII, Madrid 20220, Spain
CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain
Aguinagalde, X:
Direcc Salud Publ, Publ Hlth Lab Alava, Vitoria 01002, Basque Country, Spain
Vioque J:
CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain
Univ Miguel Hernandez, Sant Joan dAlacant 03550, Spain
Ibarluzea, J:
CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain
Subdirecc Salud Publ Gipuzkoa, Dept Sanidad Gobierno Vasco, San Sebastian 20013, Spain
Inst Invest Biomed, San Sebastian, Spain
Guxens, M:
CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain
Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, Barcelona 8003, Spain
IMIM Hosp Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res, Barcelona 8003, Spain
Casas, M:
Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, Barcelona 8003, Spain
IMIM Hosp Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res, Barcelona 8003, Spain
:
Ctr Publ Hlth Res CSISP, Valencia 46020, Spain
CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain
Ruiz, M:
Ctr Res Environm Epidemiol CREAL, Barcelona 8003, Spain
IMIM Hosp Mar, Municipal Inst Med Res, Barcelona 8003, Spain
Amurrio, A:
Direcc Salud Publ, Publ Hlth Lab Alava, Vitoria 01002, Basque Country, Spain
:
CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain
Conselleria Sanitat, DGSP, Valencia 46020, Spain
Santa Marina, L:
CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain
Subdirecc Salud Publ Gipuzkoa, Dept Sanidad Gobierno Vasco, San Sebastian 20013, Spain
Inst Invest Biomed, San Sebastian, Spain
Fernandez-Somoano, A:
CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain
Univ Oviedo, Area Med Prevent & Salud Publ, Asturias, Spain
Tardon, A:
CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain
Univ Oviedo, Area Med Prevent & Salud Publ, Asturias, Spain
:
Ctr Publ Hlth Res CSISP, Valencia 46020, Spain
CIBER Epidemiol & Salud Publ CIBERESP, Barcelona 8003, Spain
Univ Valencia, Sch Nursing, Valencia 46010, Spain
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